Table 1. Participation and Attrition From
the Choice Program, 1990-1993
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Number of students allowed in 931 946 950 968 1450
the Choice Program (limited to
1% of MPS enrollment) / 1.5%
1994-95
Number of private non-sectarian 22 22 23 23 23
schools in Milwaukee
Number of schools participating 7 6 11 12 12
Number of applications 577 689 998 1049 1046
Number of available seats 406 546 691 811 982
Number of students participating
September count 341 521 620 742 830
January count 259 526 586 701 --
June count 249 477 570 671 --
Graduating students 8 28 32 42 --
Number of returning Choice NA 178 323 405 491
students
Attrition rate .46 .35 .31 .27 --
Attrition rate without .44 .32 .28 .23 --
alternative schools
Table 2
How Choice Applicants Learn About the Program, 1990-1993
(Percent indicating source used)
1990-93 1993
Friends or relatives 50 54
Television or radio 23 16
Newspapers 27 24
Private schools 17 19
Churches 4 3
Community centers 6 6
(N) (923) (214)
Question: "How did you learn about the Private School Choice Program?"
Table 3
Satisfaction With Information and Assistance on the
Choice Program, Applicants 1990-93
(Percent satisfied or very satisfied)
1990-93 1993
Amount of Information on the Choice Program 76 76
Accuracy of Information on the Choice Program 75 76
Amount of Information on the Private Schools 67 65
Accuracy of Information on the Private Schools 70 70
Assistance From School You Applied To 77 74
Assistance from Dept. of Public Instruction in 63 64
Madison
(N) (923) (214)
Question: "How satisfied were you with the following?"
Table 4
Factors Affecting Decisions to Participate in Choice Program, Applicants 1990-93
(Percentages)
1990-19 1993
93
Very Import Some Not Very Import Some Not
Import Import Import Import Import Import
Educational Quality 88 11 1 0 89 10 0 0
in Chosen School
Teaching Approach 85 13 1 1 84 13 2 1
or Style3
Discipline in 76 21 3 0 71 25 3 1
Chosen School
General Atmosphere 74 23 3 0 72 26 2 0
in Chosen School
Class Size 72 21 5 2 70 22 7 1
Financial 69 24 5 2 69 27 2 2
Considerations
Special Programs in 69 26 3 2 68 25 4 2
Chosen School
Location of Chosen 60 22 12 6 59 29 7 5
School
Fustration with 60 24 10 6 59 25 9 7
Public Schools
Other Children in 37 29 15 19 34 29 17 20
Chosen School
(N) (907) (210)
Question: "Please rate all of the following issues and their importance in your decsion to participate in the Choice program."
Table 5
Demographics
Table 5a Household Income (Percentages)
Thousands 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Choice New Choice Choice Low-Inc MPS
Applied Choice Enrolled Non-Select Attrition MPS Control
1990-93 1993 1990-93 1991 1991
1990-93 1990-93
$0-$5 18 19 17 18 18 19 13
$5-$10 38 36 39 35 40 34 23
$10-$20 29 60 30 30 27 29 21
$20-$35 14 14 13 16 15 14 24
$35-$50 1 1 0 1 1 3 13
$50&over 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
(N) (889) (214) (605) (239) (293) (880) (1513)
Mean 11.78 11.36 11.63 12.28 11.77 12.13 22.00
Income
Table 5b Race (Percentages)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Choice New Choice Choice Low-Inc MPS
Applied Choice Enrolled Non-Select Attrition MPS Control
1990-93 1993 1990-93 1991 1991
1990-93 1990-93
African 74 75 72 82 75 67 55
American
Asian 0 1 0 0 0 5 4
Hispanic 19 19 20 12 16 11 10
Native 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
American
White 5 5 6 4 7 15 29
Other 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
(N) (2503) (518) (1329) (612) (676) (3179) (5365)
Table 5c Parent Marital Status (Percentages)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Choice New Choice Choice Low-Inc MPS
Applied Choice Enrolled Non-Select Attrition MPS Control
1990-93 1993 1990-93 1991 1991
1990-93 1990-93
Married 25 24 24 29 24 35 51
Single 38 42 39 35 42 32 22
Seperated 12 8 12 10 9 11 8
Divorced 16 16 16 16 15 14 13
Widowed 4 4 4 3 5 2 2
Living 5 7 5 7 5 6 4
Together
(N) (899) (214) (610) (244) (294) (924) (1637)
Table 5d Family Size (Percentages)
Children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
per Family Choice New Choice Choice Low-Inc MPS
Applied Choice Enrolled Non-Select Attrition MPS Control
1990-93 1993 1990-93 1991 1991
1990-93 1990-93
1 24 36 23 24 19 9 13
2 32 31 33 30 31 26 33
3 20 18 22 16 24 27 26
4 14 10 13 14 16 18 15
5 or more 10 5 9 16 10 20 15
(N) (899) (201) (595) (239) (287) (908) (1611)
Avg. 2.64 2.21 2.60 2.78 2.72 3.24 2.95
number of
Children
per Family
Table 5e Parents Education (Percentages)
8th Some GED H.S. Some College Some (N)
Grade H.S. College Grad Post
Grad
Choice Applied 5 12 9 21 45 7 1 (895)
1990-93 11 21 7 26 28 5 2 (543)
Mother/Female
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
New Choice 1993 3 10 8 17 49 10 2 (205)
Mother/Female 10 31 8 21 24 2 2 (118)
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
Choice Enrolled 4 11 9 22 45 7 2 (608)
1990-93 8 20 7 28 29 6 2 (373)
Mother/Female
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
Choice Non-Select 7 13 9 20 45 6 0 (244)
1990-93 18 25 7 19 27 7 1 (143)
Mother/Female
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
Attrition 1990-93 4 9 11 19 48 8 1 (292)
Mother/Female 6 18 8 32 30 4 2 (175)
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
Low-Inc MPS 1991 12 25 9 25 26 3 1 (881)
Mother/Female 15 22 9 25 21 6 2 (535)
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
MPS Control 1991 8 18 7 28 29 6 5 (1525)
Mother/Female 9 16 8 26 27 9 6 (1127)
Guardian
Father/Male
Guardian
Table 6a
Scale Data - Means, Standard Deviations, Reliability, and Sample Size
Source of Scale, Range, & Mean Standard Alpha (N)
(Direction) Deviation
By Group
Dissatisfaction with the
administration of the Choice
application process
T3 - DisChAdm - Range 6-24 -
(High=More Dissatisfied)
Choice Applied 1990-93 (Fall) 12.7 4.4 .92 523
New Choice 1993 (Fall) 12.7 4.4 .93 111
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 (Fall) 11.7 3.8 .89 348
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 14.9 4.9 .93 152
(Fall) 11.3 3.4 .88 163
Attrition From Choice 1990-93
(Fall)
Importance of education
compared to other goals
A1 - EdImport - Range 7-15
(High=More Important)
Choice Applied 1990-93 11.6 1.9 .72 869
New Choice 1993 11.6 1.7 .65 207
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 11.7 1.8 .70 599
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 11.3 1.9 .73 226
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 11.7 1.8 .69 286
Choice Private School 1991-94 11.5 1.9 .76 799
(Spring) 11.0 1.8 .69 201
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 11.8 2.0 .74 811
(Spring) 11.7 2.0 .71 1554
Low-Inc MPS 1991
MPS Control 1991
Frequency of parent contacting
school
A2 - PiParScl - Range 0-21
(High=More)
Choice Applied 1990-93 8.7 4.9 .79 687
New Choice 1993 8.4 4.9 .76 142
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 8.8 5.0 .81 459
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 8.7 4.5 .73 203
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 9.0 5.1 .80 224
Choice Private School 1991-94 10.5 4.7 .77 776
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 8.9 5.0 .81 201
Low-Inc MPS 1991 5.8 4.4 .79 807
MPS Control 1991 6.0 4.3 .78 1529
Freqency of school contacting
parent
A3 - PiSclPar - Range = 0-12
(High=More)
Choice Applied 1990-93 3.6 2.8 .66 717
New Choice 1993 3.6 2.8 .65 144
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 3.7 2.9 .69 486
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 3.3 2.6 .59 206
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 3.8 2.8 .60 242
Choice Private School 1991-94 4.3 3.0 .71 814
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 3.9 2.8 .66 210
Low-Inc MPS 1991 2.7 2.5 .67 834
MPS Control 1991 2.7 2.5 .65 1594
Mean Standard Alpha (N)
Table 6a continued Deviation
Parental involvement in school
organizations
A4 - PiSclOrg - Range 0-5
(High=More)
Choice Applied 1990-93 2.4 1.5 .71 698
New Choice 1993 2.4 1.4 .69 138
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 2.4 1.5 .72 472
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 2.3 1.4 .70 202
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 2.3 1.5 .71 237
Choice Private School 1991-94 3.0 1.3 .34 799
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 2.4 1.9 .52 210
Low-Inc MPS 1991 1.7 1.3 .67 831
MPS Control 1991 1.9 1.4 .67 1586
Parental involvement in
educational activities with
child
A5 - PiChild - Range 0-15
(High=More)
Choice Applied 1990-93 8.7 3.5 .76 860
New Choice 1993 8.3 3.5 .72 198
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 8.8 3.4 .75 593
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 8.7 3.6 .78 224
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 8.8 3.5 .76 286
Choice Private School 1991-94 9.0 3.6 .78 811
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 9.0 3.7 .77 206
Low-Inc MPS 1991 7.5 4.3 .85 833
MPS Control 1991 6.9 4.2 .83 1575
Dissatisfaction with prior
school
A6 - DisPrScl - Range 8-32
(High=More Dissatisfied)
Choice Applied 1990-93 16.6 5.5 .89 577
New Choice 1993 15.6 5.5 .89 112
Choice Enrolled 1990-93 16.5 5.8 .89 397
Non-Selected Choice 1990-93 17.1 4.9 .86 160
Attrition From Choice 1990-93 16.5 5.7 .90 197
Choice Private School 1991-94 13.4 4.5 .87 614
Non-Selected Choice 1991-94 16.1 6.0 .91 163
Low-Inc MPS 1991 14.4 4.2 .85 636
MPS Control 1991 14.5 4.2 .85 1224
Table 6b - Signifcance Levels of Differences in Scale Means
Source of 1 2 3 4
scale Ch-App (90-93) Ch-Enr (90-93) NS-Ch (90-93) Ch-Pub (90-93)
MPS LI (91) MPS LI (91) Ch-Enr (90-93) Ch-Prv (91-94)
T3 - NA NA .000 NA
DisChAdm [230]
A1 - .063 .436 .007 .000
EdImport [1640] [1352] [392] (494)
A2 - .000 .000 .711 .000
PiParScl [1386] [845] [425] (392)
A3 - .000 .000 .107 .001
PiSclPar [1445] [895] [433] (421)
A4 - .000 .000 .478 .000
PiSclOrg [1424] [892] [396] (410)
A5 - PiChild .000 .000 .699 .409
[1598] [1406] [390] (491)
A6 - .000 .000 .181 .000
DisPrScl [1074] [648] [342] (284)
Table 7 - Parent Grades For Prior Public & Private Schools (Percentages)
Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6
Choice Choice Choice Low-Inc
Applied Enrolled Non-Select Attrition MPS MPS
1990-93 1990-93 1990-93 1990-93 1991 Control
1991
A 21 24 14 24 26 27
B 28 27 32 23 39 39
C 29 26 33 30 24 22
D 15 15 15 14 8 8
F 7 8 5 9 3 3
(N) (720) (486) (211) (240) (932) (1591)
Average 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8
Grade
Question: "What overall grade would you give to your child's school (last/this past) year?"
Table 8
Prior Test Scores
Applied Low MPS
Choice Income Control
MPS
1990 R M R M R M
% At or Above 50% of 23.3 31.1 27.2 36.2 34.8 42.8
NPR
Median NPR 29 31 32 37 37 42
Mean NCE 39.1 39.7 40.1 42 43.6 45.8
Std. Dev. of NCE 15.9 18.9 17 19.2 18.5 20.2
(N) (262) (257) (2136) (2117) (3157) (3130)
1991
% At or Above 50% of 27.1 22.6 28.2 36.2 36.1 43.4
NPR
Median NPR 26 30 32 38 38 43
Mean NCE 37.5 37.9 40.2 42.9 43.7 46.3
Std. Dev. of NCE 16.8 17.7 17 19 18.6 20.2
(N) (199) (204) (2470) (2447) (3668) (3643)
1992
% At or Above 50% of 28.2 31.4 28.2 35.3 36.6 43.2
NPR
Median NPR 29 33 32 38 38 43
Mean NCE 40.0 40.3 40.2 42.4 43.9 46.0
Std. Dev. of NCE 17.6 19.5 17.7 19.5 19.0 20.7
(N) (234) (226) (2839) (2801) (4024) (3991)
1993
% At or Above 50% of 25.7 26.7 28.2 34.7 37.5 42.1
NPR
Median NPR 29 28 32 37 37 3748
Mean NCE 38.0 40.0 40.2 42.0 43.3 45.2
Std. Dev. of NCE 19.1 18.6 17.7 19.3 19.0 20.6
(N) (179) (175) (3069) (3049) (3980) (3962)
R= Reading Scores NPR= National Percentile Ranking
M= Math Scores NCE= Normal Curve Equivalent
Table 9a
Staff Changes in Choice Schools, 1990-1993
Six Eleven
Schools Schools
Nine
Schools
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Total Classroom 55 67 89 99 66
Teachers
Turnover Rate NA 36% 18% 18% 24%
New Personnel Rate 35% 56% 16% 29% 22%
Table 9b
Teacher Certification and Seniority in Choice Schools, 1991 and 1993
Wisconsin Other Just Added None (N)
States Specialty Specialty
Certification 62% 8% 6% 0% 24% (50)
4 Schools
1990-91
Certification 54% 0% 43% 21% 4% (28)
6 Schools
1992-94
Certification 64% 0% 20% 3% 13% '(66)
9 Schools
1994-95
Less 1 2 3 4 5-9 10 or Mean (N)
Than 1 More Years
Seniority 14% 22% 18% 20% 4% 8% 12% 4.2 (50)
4 Schools
1990-91
Seniority 0% 19% 15% 15% 19% 7% 26% 6.5 (28)
6 Schools
1992-94
Table 9c.
Race and Gender of Full-Time Teachers in Choice Schools, 1990-1994
Six Eleven Twelve
Schools Schools Nine
Schools
Schools
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
African American 17% 27% 21% 21% 26%
Hispanic 8% 11% 8% 9% 9%
White 75% 62% 70% 70% 62%
Other Minority 0% 0% 1% 1% 2%
Female 89% 71% 82% 77% 76%
Male 11% 29% 18% 23% 24%
(N) (55) (67) (89) (107) (66)
Table 10.
Achievement Test Scores, 1991-94
Enrolled Low MPS
Choice Income Control
MPS
1991 R M R M R M
% At or Above 50% of 29.3 29.2 24.9 33.4 32.2 40.0
NPR
Median NPR 34 32 31 35 35 40
Mean NCE 42.6 40.2 39.1 42.0 42.2 45.2
Std. Dev. of NCE 16.4 19.9 16.1 18.2 17.9 20.0
(N) (177) (185) (1433) (1419) (1697) (1957)
1992
% At or Above 50% of 21.2 22.8 25.2 33.5 32.4 39.5
NPR
Median NPR 27 28 29 35 34 40
Mean NCE 37.3 36.7 39.3 41.8 42.3 44.6
Std. Dev. of NCE 16.2 18.0 17.2 19.1 18.8 20.5
(N) (349) (369) (1397) (1338) (1919) (1896)
1993
% At or Above 50% of 16.7 28.3 24.9 29.5 29.9 35.0
NPR
Median NPR 26 32 30 32 32 36
Mean NCE 37.2 42.2 38.8 39.9 40.9 42.9
Std. Dev. of NCE 15.6 17.6 16.9 18.9 18.0 19.6
(N) (398) (395) (1212) (1189) (1443) (1370)
1994
% At or Above 50% of 28.8 31.3 25.7 42.4 30.5 48.4
NPR
Median NPR 30 38 30 39 32 47
Mean NCE 38.2 42.7 38.4 42.0 40.5 44.0
Std. Dev. of NCE 15.4 18.8 17.0 19.1 18.1 20.2
(N) (440) (471) (1019) (996) (1168) (1141)
R= Reading Scores NPR= National Percentile Ranking
M= Math Scores NCE= Normal Curve Equivalent
Table 11a.
Achievement Test Change Scores (NCEs), 1990 to 1991
Enrolled MPS MPS
Choice Low-Incom Control
e
R M R M R M
1990 40.0 39.2 37.5 39.5 39.5 41.6
Mean 13.9 19.6 15.2 17.8 16.6 18.7
NCE
Std.
Dev.
1991 41.8 39.1 38.2 42.2 40.5 44.2
Mean 14.4 15.3 15.3 17.7 16.6 18.6
NCE
Std.
Dev.
Mean +1.8 -0.1 +0.7 +2.7 +1.0 +2.6
Differe 13.1 16.0 14.7 14.7 14.3 14.4
nce
Std.
Dev.
Probabi .193 .935 .144 .000 .022 .000
lity
Mean
Differe
nce =
0
(N) (84) (88) (812) (792) (1048) (1029)
Table 11b.
Achievement Test Change Scores (NCEs), 1991 to 1992
Enrolled MPS MPS
Choice Low-Incom Control
e
R M R M R M
1991 39.8 39.0 38.0 41.5 40.0 43.4
Mean 17.0 18.6 15.1 17.3 16.6 18.4
NCE
Std.
Dev.
1992 35.9 38.4 38.4 41.3 40.5 43.1
Mean 14.4 15.3 15.3 17.7 16.6 18.6
NCE
Std.
Dev.
Mean -3.9 -0.6 +0.4 -0.3 +0.5 -0.3
Differe 16.0 16.3 14.6 15.3 14.2 14.6
nce
Std.
Dev.
Probabi .001 .586 .484 .605 .286 .574
lity
Mean
Differe
nce =
0
(N) (192) (198) (911) (895) (1173) (1148)
Table 11c
Achievement Test Change Scores (NCEs), 1992 to 1993
Enrolled MPS MPS
Choice Low-Income Control
R M R M R M
1992 38.7 38.3 39.5 42.2 40.8 43.2
Mean 16.2 19.0 17.3 19.0 17.9 19.4
NCE
Std.
Dev.
1993 38.3 42.7 38.8 41.0 40.1 42.0
Mean 14.2 17.2 16.7 18.1 17.4 18.7
NCE
Std.
Dev.
Mean -0.4 +4.4 -0.7 -1.2 -0.8 -1.2
Differe 14.6 16.8 14.0 15.5 14.0 15.1
nce
Std.
Dev.
Probabi .928 .000 .131 .002 .091 .019
lity
Mean
Differe
nce =
0
(N) (282) (288) (873) (842) (973) (938)
Table 11d
Achievement Test Change Scores (NCEs), 1993 to 1994
Enrolled MPS MPS
Choice Low-Income Control
R M R M R M
1993 37.6 44.0 38.8 41.8 40.1 42.8
Mean 15.7 17.1 16.7 18.8 17.6 19.4
NCE
Std.
Dev.
1994 37.5 42.0 35.6 41.5 39.9 42.7
Mean 15.8 17.8 16.9 19.1 17.6 19.8
NCE
Std.
Dev.
Mean -0.1 -2.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1
Differe 14.7 14.7 14.0 16.5 14.0 16.3
nce
Std.
Dev.
Probabi .928 .002 .564 .631 .620 .904
lity
Mean
Differe
nce =
0
(N) (289) (281) (688) (678) (766) (755)
Table 12.
Estimated Iowa Basic Test Scores, 1991.
Dependent Variable = Reading 1991 NCE, (Mean= 40.61, St. Dev.= 16.38)
R2 = .415, F= 98.72, DF= (8, 1096), p= .000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Reading NCE 1990 0.59 0.02 22.55 .000 39.45 16.38 Test Grade 1991 -0.61 0.19 3.17 .002 4.34 1.98 Gender (1=Fem.) 0.50 0.77 0.65 .517 0.51 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -4.14 1.30 3.18 .002 0.88 0.34 African (1=Yes) -3.73 1.07 3.67 .000 0.67 0.47 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -3.44 1.56 2.20 .028 0.10 0.30 Other Min. (1=Yes) -1.67 2.17 0.77 .442 0.04 0.19 Choice (1=Yes) 2.32 1.43 1.62 .106 0.08 0.27 Constant 26.04 1.93 13.53 .000
Dependent Variable = Math 1991 NCE, (Mean= 43.78, St. Dev.= 18.47)
R2 = .513, F= 143.40, DF= (8, 1073), p= .000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Math NCE 1990 .64 0.02 28.95 .000 41.30 18.60 Test Grade 1991 1.30 0.20 6.51 .000 4.35 1.99 Gender (1=Fem.) -0.24 0.79 0.31 .758 0.51 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -4.02 1.33 3.02 .003 0.88 0.33 African (1=Yes) -3.43 1.11 3.09 .002 0.66 0.47 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -4.07 1.60 2.54 .011 0.10 0.30 Other Min. (1=Yes) -0.53 2.26 0.24 .814 0.04 0.19 Choice (1=Yes) -2.07 1.49 1.39 .166 0.08 0.27 Constant 29.37 2.02 14.54 .000
Table 13.
Estimated Iowa Basic Test Scores, 1992.
Dependent Variable = Reading 1992 NCE, (Mean= 39.75, St. Dev.= 17.19)
R2 = 0.43, F= 126.34, DF=(8, 1305), p= .000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Reading NCE 1991 0.60 0.02 27.08 .000 40.12 16.67 Test Grade 1992 -0.64 0.17 3.71 .000 4.63 2.09 Gender (1=Fem.) 1.72 0.72 2.38 .017 0.50 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -2.61 1.27 2.06 .040 0.89 0.32 African (1=Yes) -6.31 1.05 6.00 .000 0.69 0.46 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -1.42 1.53 0.93 .354 0.09 0.28 Other Min. (1=Yes) -1.34 1.99 0.67 .503 0.04 0.20 Choice (1=Yes) -3.35 1.04 3.24 .001 0.15 0.35 Constant 25.06 1.87 13.40 .000
Dependent Variable = Math 1992 NCE, (Mean= 42.27, St. Dev.= 19.15)
R2 = .49, F= 156.5, DF= (8,1291), p= .000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Math NCE 1991 0.66 0.02 30.27 .000 42.65 18.45 Test Grade 1992 -1.12 0.18 6.11 .000 4.62 2.11 Gender (1=Fem.) 0.43 0.77 0.56 .576 0.50 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -1.93 1.36 1.42 .156 0.89 0.31 African (1=Yes) -4.87 1.13 4.33 .000 0.69 0.46 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -0.57 1.63 0.35 .724 0.09 0.29 Other Min. (1=Yes) 2.63 2.16 1.22 .223 0.04 0.19 Choice (1=Yes) -1.23 1.08 1.14 .255 0.15 0.36 Constant 24.47 2.03 12.03 .000
Table 14.
Estimated Iowa Basic Test Scores, 1993.
Dependent Variable = Reading 1993 NCE, (Mean= 39.60, St. Dev.= 16.76)
R2 =0.45, F=129.00, DF= (8,1243), p=.000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Reading NCE 1992 0.60 0.02 28.41 .000 40.34 17.55 Test Grade 1993 0.47 0.17 2.68 .007 4.90 2.05 Gender (1=Fem.) 1.13 0.71 1.58 .114 0.52 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -2.36 1.43 1.65 .099 0.92 0.27 African (1=Yes) -4.74 1.07 4.45 .000 0.67 0.47 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -2.73 1.41 1.94 .053 0.12 0.32 Other Min. (1=Yes) -4.93 1.97 2.50 .013 0.04 0.20 Choice (1=Yes) 0.76 0.88 0.87 .386 0.22 0.42 Constant 18.41 2.02 9.12 .000
Dependent Variable = Math 1993 NCE, (Mean= 42.33, St. Dev.= 18.32)
R2 = 0.46, F= 132.20, DF= (8, 1213), p=.000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Math NCE 1992 0.59 0.02 28.50 .000 42.06 19.45 Test Grade 1993 -1.10 0.19 5.69 .000 4.83 2.04 Gender (1=Fem.) 0.43 0.77 0.55 .583 0.53 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -3.04 1.57 1.94 .053 0.92 0.27 African (1=Yes) -5.27 1.17 4.49 .000 0.67 0.47 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -2.23 1.55 1.44 .152 0.12 0.32 Other Min. (1=Yes) 0.02 2.16 0.01 .993 0.04 0.20 Choice (1=Yes) 3.86 0.95 4.06 .000 0.24 0.42 Constant 28.32 2.17 13.03 .000
Table 15.
Estimated Iowa Basic Test Scores, 1994.
Dependent Variable = Reading 1994 NCE, (Mean= 39.27, St. Dev.= 17.16)
R2 = 0.44, F= 106.28, DF= (8, 1044), p= .000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Reading NCE 1993 0.62 0.02 25.65 .000 39.45 17.14 Test Grade 1994 -0.34 0.22 1.58 .115 5.05 1.89 Gender (1=Fem.) 2.69 0.80 3.37 .001 0.55 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -4.22 1.66 2.55 .011 0.93 0.26 African (1=Yes) -3.66 1.23 2.96 .003 0.65 0.48 American Hispanic (1=Yes) -0.69 1.52 0.46 .648 0.16 0.36 Other Min. (1=Yes) 0.46 2.41 0.19 .849 0.03 0.18 Choice (1=Yes) -0.30 0.94 0.32 .752 0.27 0.45 Constant 21.55 2.39 9.01 .000
Dependent Variable = Math 1994 NCE, (Mean= 42.60, St. Dev.= 19.30)
R2 = 0.43, F= 100.46, DF= (8, 1032), p=.000 Independent b St. t Prob. Variable Variable Variable Error b b=0 Mean St. Dev. Math NCE 1993 0.64 0.03 25.40 .000 43.15 18.77 Test Grade 1994 -0.28 0.25 1.10 .271 5.05 1.89 Gender (1=Fem.) 0.11 0.91 0.13 .900 0.55 0.50 Low Income (1=Yes) -5.03 1.90 2.65 .008 0.93 0.26 African (1=Yes) -2.70 1.41 1.91 .057 0.66 0.48 American Hispanic (1=Yes) 0.20 1.74 0.12 .908 0.16 0.36 Other Min. (1=Yes) -1.40 2.80 0.50 .617 0.03 0.18 Choice (1=Yes) -0.95 1.08 0.89 .376 0.28 0.45 Constant 22.82 2.84 8.02 .000
Table 16a
Estimated Iowa Test of Basic Skills Reading Score with two Prior Tests,
and Yearly Choice Effects, 1991-94 (beta, std. err.)
Independent Variable 1991 1992 1993 1994
Prior Reading .48*** .49*** .49*** .49***
(.03) (.03) (.03) (.03)
Prior Math .18*** .16*** .16*** .19***
(.03) (.02) (.02) (.03)
Test Grade -.52** -.54** .53** -.14
(.19) (.17) (.17) (.21)
Gender 1.13 1.85** 1.32* 2.34**
(.76) (.71) (.68) (.76)
Low Income -3.72** -2.08 -2.37 -4.11**
(1.28) (1.27) (1.41) (1.65)
African American -2.85** -5.52*** -4.21*** -2.84*
(1.06) (1.05) (1.05) (1.23)
Hispanic -3.00* -1.53 -3.23* -.17
(1.52) (1.51) (1.38) (1.49)
Other Minority -1.63 -1.57 -5.21** -.28
(2.11) (2.00) (1.93) (2.36)
Choice 1 Year 2.05 -1.44 .57 -1.79
(1.41) (1.30) (1.24) (1.52)
Choice 2 Years NA -2.45* 1.99 -.57
(1.28) (1.16) (1.38)
Choice 3 Years NA NA .39 -.13
(1.29) (1.28)
Choice 4 Years NA NA NA -.67
(1.52)
Constant 21.30*** 20.82*** 15.18*** 16.92***
(2.02) (1.97) (2.03) (2.49)
R2 .44 .44 .48 .46
F (df) 97 (1075,9) 105 105 (1274,11) 78 (1121,12)
(1313,10)
Prob F = 0 .000 .000 .000 .000
(*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001)
Table 16b
Estimated Iowa Test of Basic Skills Math Score with two Prior Tests,
and Yearly Choice Effects, 1991-94 (beta and std. err.)
Independent Variable 1991 1992 1993 1994
Prior Math .58*** .59*** .49*** .54***
(.03) (.03) (.03) (.03)
Prior Reading .13*** .14*** .19*** .20***
(.03) (.03) (.03) (.03)
Test Grade -1.33*** -1.18*** -1.19*** -.51
(.20) (.18) (.19) (.24)
Gender -.59 .11 -.06 .24
(.80) (.77) (.75) (.85)
Low Income -3.42** -1.17 -2.11 -3.94*
(1.33) (1.37) (1.55) (1.86)
African American -3.26** -4.63*** -4.42*** -2.07
(1.10) (1.13) (1.16) (1.37)
Hispanic -3.68* -.44 -1.89 .57
(1.59) (1.62) (1.52) (1.66)
Other Minority -.47 2.01 .00 -.47
(2.24) (2.14) (2.12) (2.64)
Choice 1 Year -2.33 -1.63 1.81 -2.23
(1.48) (1.39) (1.38) (1.70)
Choice 2 Years NA -1.58 3.03* .85
(1.37) (1.27) (1.53)
Choice 3 Years NA NA 2.66* .12
(1.39) (1.42)
Choice 4 Years NA NA NA -.84
(1.69)
Constant 24.53*** 21.08*** 24.24*** 18.77***
(2.10) (2.13) (2.23) (2.80)
R2 .52 .50 .48 .47
F (df) 132 (1067,9) 131 106 (1246,11) 81 (1106,12)
(1300,10)
Prob F = 0 .000 .000 .000 .000
(*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001)
Table 17
Grade Given to Choice School Experience 1991-94
(Percentages)
1 2 3 4
Choice Private Choice Private Choice Private Choice Private
1991 1992 1993 1994
A 40.1 33.0 29.5 42.0
B 37.4 39.4 35.9 32.7
C 14.3 22.0 21.1 17.5
D 2.7 3.2 9.7 6.3
F 4.5 2.3 3.8 1.5
GPA 3.04 2.89 2.78 3.07
(N) (147) (218) (237) (269)
Table 18
Mean Differences Between Continuing and Attrition Choice Students
on Private School Experience, 1990-1993.
Variable/Scale 1 2 3
Continui Attritio Prob.
ng n Diff.=0
Students Students
Mean Std. (N) Mean Std. (N) p
Dev. Dev.
Race & Gender
African American 0.72 0.45 1605 0.75 0.43 684 0.097
Hispanic 0.22 0.42 1605 0.16 0.37 684 0.000
Other Minority 0.02 0.13 1605 0.02 0.13 684 0.821
White 0.04 0.21 1605 0.07 0.26 684 0.022
Gender (Fem=1) 0.56 0.50 1596 0.52 0.50 673 0.049
Distance to 3.07 2.42 1300 3.36 2.92 547 0.046
School
Test Scores
Prior RNCE 38.64 15.97 832 36.87 17.68 326 0.115
Post RNCE 38.33 15.54 1142 36.62 17.01 413 0.073
RNCE Diff. 0.50 14.45 805 1.86 12.76 312 0.124
Prior MNCE 40.20 18.13 844 37.95 18.83 326 0.065
Post MNCE 40.81 18.39 1191 37.80 18.07 417 0.004
MNCE Diff.9 0.91 15.24 818 1.79 14.95 306 0.008
Parental
Involvement
PiParScl 10.59 4.68 644 10.18 5.20 155 0.372
PiSclPar 4.36 2.98 676 4.32 3.09 164 0.896
PiSclOrg 3.08 1.21 669 2.87 1.38 159 0.088
ParChild 9.07 3.62 674 8.70 3.78 164 0.256
Parental
Attitudes
EdImport 11.45 1.91 666 11.34 1.82 160 0.504
DisChScl 13.21 4.26 526 15.29 6.05 108 0.001
Table 19
Why Choice Students Left the Choice Program, 1991- 1993.
Response (N) % Quality of the Program 60 36.8% Lack of religious training 13 8.0 Lack of transportation 17 10.4 Income 4 2.5 Application problems 14 8.6 Fee changes 10 6.1 Selection Process 2 1.2 Quality of the Choice School 73 44.8% Poor education 18 11.0 Too disciplinarian 12 7.5 Unhappy with staff 24 14.7 Lack of programs for special needs students 10 6.1 Lack of programs for talented students 2 1.2 Too segregated 1 0.6 Child terminated 3 1.8 Lack of teaching materials 3 1.8 Child/Family Specific 26 15.4% Transportation - too far away 7 4.3 Moved 11 6.8 Pregnancy 2 1.2 Quit school 4 2.5 Child custody change 2 1.2 Miscellaneous 4 2.5% Total 163
Number of surveys sent over both years to valid addresses = 335
Returned surveys = 128
Response rate = 38%
Question: "What were the major reasons your child did not continue in last year's school?"
(Respondents could give up to three answers.)
Table 20
Mean Differences Between Enrolled Choice Students and Non-Selected Choice Students
on Private and Public School Experiences, 1991-1994.
Variable/Scale 1 2 3
Choice Nonselec Prob.
Students ted Diff.=0
Students
Mean Std. (N) Mean Std. (N) p
Dev. Dev.
Race & Gender
African American 0.73 0.45 2283 0.78 0.42 1001 0.002
Hispanic 0.20 0.40 2283 0.15 0.36 1001 0.000
Other Minority 0.02 0.13 2283 0.03 0.16 1001 0.138
White 0.05 0.22 2283 0.05 0.22 1001 0.662
Gender (Fem=1) 0.55 0.50 2269 0.50 0.50 860 0.009
Distance to 3.16 2.58 1847 3.98 7.46 620 0.007
School
Test Scores
Prior RNCE 38.14 16.41 1158 39.52 16.90 409 0.154
Post RNCE 37.88 15.95 1555 39.50 17.00 449 0.071
RNCE Diff. -0.88 14.00 1117 -0.44 11.11 360 0.547
Prior MNCE 39.57 18.35 1170 39.69 18.59 408 0.916
Post MNCE 40.03 18.35 1608 40.36 18.76 445 0.741
MNCE Diff.10 0.18 15.20 1124 -0.01 10.85 354 0.794
Parental
Involvement
PiParScl 10.51 4.78 799 8.43 4.56 176 0.000
PiSclPar 4.35 3.00 840 3.77 2.74 182 0.011
PiSclOrg 3.04 1.25 828 2.35 1.38 179 0.000
ParChild 9.00 3.65 838 9.10 3.61 178 0.749
Parental
Attitudes
EdImport 11.43 1.89 820 11.12 1.93 172 0.052
DisChScl 13.56 4.68 634 15.48 5.64 141 0.000