Revelations and Mysterious Based on Benthic Studies in Five Vilas County Lakes

Abstract

Springs provide critical connections between groundwater and surface water, and they support unique ecosystems across Wisconsin. Springs also play a key role in sustaining wetlands and cold-water trout streams, contributing to their hydrology and ecological resilience. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Water Use Section along with many partners has developed the Wisconsin Springs Inventory to compile and standardize information on spring locations, flow, and ecological characteristics across Wisconsin. Built from historical records, field surveys, and collaboration with landowners, the springs inventory has nearly 500 springs in diverse hydrogeologic settings that run at 0.25 cfs or greater. Landowner contacts have been essential for site access, verification, and reporting of new springs. This resource strengthens understanding of groundwater-dependent systems, supports water quality and quantity conservation, and establishes a baseline for future monitoring and research.