Cooperative learning: a review of recent methods and their academic and nonacademic outcomes

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the major cooperative learning methods and their academic and nonacademic outcomes. The review of literature included basic features of cooperative learning in general and the characteristics and applications of the major cooperative learning models. The review of research was limited to studies that took place over a period of at least two weeks in an elementary or junior high classroom. Effects of the major methods of cooperative learning in regular and special education were considered in terms of their differential effects on academic achievement and nonacademic outcomes. Results of the review of literature supported the utility of cooperative learning in general for improving academic achievement. The pattern of research findings also indicated that cooperative learning methods have had a positive effect on cooperation, acceptance of the handicapped, mutual concern, self-esteem, and race relations. The increased use of cooperative learning methods in both regular and special education settings was recommended.